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2008, 2016), which coincide with the peak of the growing season for cannabis. The environmental impacts of stream diversions are likely to be greatest during the dry summer months ( Deitch et al. 2015), significant concerns have been raised over the potential impacts of diverting surface water for cannabis cultivation. Given the propensity of cannabis growers to establish farms in small, upper watersheds, where streams that support salmonids and other sensitive species are vulnerable to dewatering ( Bauer et al. Full-sun outdoor cultivation, with associated drip irrigation, is visible in the foreground.Īn improved understanding of cannabis cultivators' water use practices is a particularly pressing need. Although nearly one-third of noncompliant sites (33%) used wells, this source was more than twice as frequently reported among compliant sites (68%), indicating that wells may become increasingly common as more sites become part of the regulated cannabis industry.Īt this cannabis farm in Trinity County, photographed during the early growing season, infrastructure for mixed-light cultivation is visible in the background. Surface water diversions (22% of sites) and spring diversions (16% of sites) were the most common sources after wells, with extractions from these sources distributed much more evenly across the year. The most commonly reported source of water was wells (58% of sites), with most extraction from wells occurring during the growing season (April through October). The analysis identified cannabis cultivators' most common sources for water extraction, monthly patterns for each water source and differences between sites compliant and not compliant with the cannabis program.
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This study analyzed data from annual reports, covering the year 2017, submitted by 901 cannabis cultivators enrolled in the Cannabis Waste Discharge Regulatory Program administered by the North Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board.
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To date, however, no data has been available to formally assess where cannabis sites source their water. Water use by cannabis cultivators represents an emerging threat to surface flows in Northern California's sensitive watersheds.